Motores en robótica: Por qué son importantes los distintos tipos

Índice

What helps a robot move well and perform tasks accurately? The answer lies in selecting the right motors in robotics. The type of motor used in a robot greatly influences its movement and overall performance. Motors in robotics convert electrical energy into motion and are the essential components of every robot. Research shows that using the best motors in robotics, such as advanced servo motors, enhances robot efficiency. It also improves precision and reliability. The proper combination of motors in robotics and control systems can save energy, reduce errors, and improve product quality.

Principales conclusiones

  • Picking the right motor lets robots move well and last longer.

  • Motors like servo, stepper, DC, and brushless are good for different robot jobs.

  • Servo motors give great control, so they are best for careful moves.

  • Good motors use less energy, help batteries last, and need less fixing.

  • Using the right motor for the job makes robots faster and stronger.

Motors in Robotics and Their Impact

Performance Factors

Motors in robotics make robots move and work. If a robot does not have the right motors, it cannot work well. The motor type changes how fast a robot moves and how much it can lift. It also affects how smooth the robot works. Servo motors, stepper motors, and brushless motors all have special strengths.

Robots in factories use motors for fast and careful jobs like welding. Logistics robots, such as drones, use motors to move and carry things. Defense robots need motors for watching and bomb work. Medical robots use motors for tiny moves in surgery. Farm robots use motors to plant and pick crops. This helps farmers do more work. Even toys and camera tools use motors to move. Home robots, like vacuums and mowers, use motors to help with chores.

  • Motors help robots in many ways:

    • Make robots move fast or slow for different jobs.

    • Give power to lift or push things.

    • Help robots move to the right spot every time.

    • Let robots move in simple or complex ways.

Tipo de motor

Key Influence on Robot Movement and Function

Applications and Advantages

Servomotores

Provide high accuracy and precise control over angular position, speed, and torque. Enable multi-axis movement.

Used in robotic arms for joint control, pan-tilt mechanisms, and grippers. High precision but costlier.

Motores paso a paso

Offer precise stepwise movement with high torque at low speeds. Operate without feedback systems.

Ideal for positioning tasks like 3D printers, CNC machines, and camera sliders. Good for precision but hard to control at high speeds.

Motores de CC sin escobillas

Deliver high efficiency, high torque at low speeds, low noise, and smooth operation. Longer lifespan and low maintenance.

Used in drones, mobile robots, and continuous operation robots. Efficient with advanced speed control and less heat generation.

A robot’s speed and power depend on its motor. A fast motor with low power moves quickly but cannot lift heavy things. A strong motor with less speed can lift more but moves slower. Gears can change speed and power, but the total power stays the same. This balance is important for robots to do their jobs well.

Grouped bar chart comparing speed, torque, and power for four motor types in robotics

DC motors, stepper motors, and servo motors all work differently. DC motors are small and strong, and often use gearboxes. Stepper motors move in steps, so they are good for jobs that need accuracy. Servo motors use feedback and gears to give strong and controlled moves. These differences show why picking the right motor is important for each robot.

Tip: Picking the best motor for the job helps robots work better, last longer, and be more accurate.

Precision and Control

Robots need to be very accurate for some jobs. Motors in robotics, like servo motors, help robots move with care. Servo motors use feedback to check and fix their moves. This lets robots repeat the same move many times without mistakes. Stepper motors also move in steps, but they do not use feedback, so they are less accurate sometimes.

Tipo de motor

Impact on Accuracy and Repeatability

Key Characteristics Affecting Performance

Aplicaciones típicas

Servomotores

High accuracy due to built-in feedback enabling fine movement control

High torque at varying speeds, precise angular positioning, feedback loops

Precise robotic arms, surgery, micro-assembly

Motores paso a paso

Good accuracy with fixed step angles but open-loop control limits precision

High torque at low speeds, can be noisy and overheat under continuous load

3D printers, CNC machines, low-speed robotics

Motores de corriente continua sin escobillas (BLDC)

Moderate to high accuracy with smooth operation and electronic commutation

Efficient, high speed, low noise, good torque at low speeds

Drones, fast-moving ground robots

Motors are not the only thing that makes robots accurate. Sensors give real-time data about where the robot is and how fast it moves. Control systems use this data to fix mistakes and keep robots on track. Smart control methods help motors react fast to changes, making them more accurate and efficient.

Many things can change how well a robot repeats its moves:

Factor

Descripción

Effect on Repeatability

Gear Backlash

Clearance between gear teeth

Decreases repeatability

Fricción

Resistance in joints and bearings

Decreases repeatability

Wear and Tear

Mechanical degradation over time

Decreases repeatability

Servo Motor Accuracy

Precision of servo motors

Increases repeatability

Algoritmo de control

Quality of motion control algorithms

Increases repeatability

Sensor Accuracy

Precision of position and velocity sensors

Increases repeatability

Temperatura

Environmental temperature changes

Decreases repeatability

Vibración

Mechanical vibrations causing misalignment

Decreases repeatability

Humedad

Corrosion or electrical issues due to moisture

Decreases repeatability

To keep robots working well, companies use good motors, smart control, and accurate sensors. They also check and fix robots often to keep them working right.

Some robots need to move in many ways. Exoskeleton robots use motors to move each joint by itself. This lets them move like a human arm or leg. Simple robots use motors for just one part, so they are easier to use but cannot move as much.

Motors in robotics must fit the robot’s job. The right motor helps robots work faster, more accurately, and more reliably. It also helps robots do their tasks well. Picking the right motor is very important for robots to work their best.

Types of Robot Motors

Elegir bien tipos de motores is very important for robots. Every type has its own good and bad points. The robot motors you choose change how fast, accurate, and reliable a robot is. Knowing why each type matters helps engineers make better robots that last longer.

Motores de CC

DC motors are the most used types of motors in robotics. They turn electrical energy into movement with magnetic fields. The Lorentz force makes the armature spin. DC motors come as brushed or brushless. Brushed DC motors use brushes and commutators. Brushless DC motors use electronic controllers.

Key Properties:

  • High starting torque and quick response

  • Speed can change with voltage or PWM control

  • Small size fits tiny robots

Advantages:

  • Simple design and easy to use

  • High torque at slow speeds

  • Quiet when running

  • Starts and stops quickly

Disadvantages:

  • Brushed DC motors need fixing because brushes wear out

  • Brushed types make electrical noise and do not last long

  • Brushless DC motors need special controllers and cost more

Typical Applications:

  • Robotic arms and grippers for careful moves

  • Wheeled robots, vacuums, and lawn mowers

  • Drones and factory robots

Note: Gear motors mix a DC motor with a gearbox. This setup gives more torque and less speed. Gear motors are not a new type but a combo for special robot jobs.

Why DC motors matter:
DC motors help robots do many things. They let robots move at different speeds and carry different loads. Their quick moves and good control make them great for lots of robot jobs.

Servomotores

Servo motors are very important for robot motors. They use feedback to be very accurate and precise. A servo motor has a DC or brushless motor, a controller, and a feedback part like a potentiometer or encoder. The controller tells the motor how to move.

Key Properties:

  • Strong torque control and can change easily

  • Feedback for exact angle or straight moves

  • Speed and position can change

Advantages:

  • Very accurate and can repeat moves well

  • Strong torque at many speeds

  • Small and works well

Disadvantages:

  • Needs complex controllers and feedback parts

  • Costs more than simple DC motors

  • Only has strong torque for short times

  • Needs tuning and safety parts

Typical Applications:

  • Robotic arms and joints for careful moves

  • Welding, pick-and-place, and building robots

  • Camera focus and antenna moves

  • Steering in self-driving cars

Servo motors matter because they let robots do jobs that need high accuracy. Robots in factories and hospitals use servo motors for steady and repeatable moves.

Motores paso a paso

Stepper motors are special types of motors that move in steps. Each pulse moves the shaft by a set angle. Stepper motors do not use feedback, so they work in open-loop systems.

Key Properties:

  • Moves in exact steps

  • Strong torque at slow speeds

  • Easy to control with digital signals

Advantages:

  • Accurate moves without feedback

  • Simple to use with microcontrollers

  • Good for slow, careful jobs

Disadvantages:

  • Loses torque at fast speeds

  • Can miss steps and make mistakes

  • Not very efficient and can get hot

  • Can shake and make noise at higher speeds

Typical Applications:

  • 3D printers and CNC machines

  • Camera sliders and small robot arms

  • Medical robots and tiny assembly

Stepper motors matter because they help robots move to exact spots. They are best for robots that repeat the same move with good accuracy.

Motores sin escobillas

Motores sin escobillas, or BLDC motors, are advanced types of motors in robotics. They use electronic commutation, not brushes. This makes them work better and last longer.

Key Properties:

  • Very efficient and reliable

  • Runs smooth and quiet

  • Lasts a long time

Advantages:

  • Needs little fixing because there are no brushes

  • High power for its weight

  • Stays cool and makes less electrical noise

  • Good for running all the time

Disadvantages:

  • Needs special electronic controllers

  • Costs more at first

  • Harder to control than brushed motors

Typical Applications:

  • Drones and moving robots

  • Robotic arms and tools

  • Prosthetics and exoskeletons

  • Factory positioning and moving

Brushless motors matter because they give robots high efficiency, reliability, and accuracy. Robots that run a long time or need smooth moves use brushless motors.

Linear Actuators

Linear actuators are special robot motors that move in a straight line. They change spinning motion from a motor into straight movement. Linear actuators can use DC motors, stepper motors, or servo motors to work.

Key Properties:

  • Exact and repeatable straight moves

  • Speed and force can change

  • Small and strong design

Advantages:

  • Very accurate for straight jobs

  • Works well in tough places

  • Saves energy with speed control

  • Safe with overload protection

Disadvantages:

  • Slower than spinning motors

  • Bigger and harder to add to robots

  • Can’t move far and not good for nonstop moves

Typical Applications:

  • Moving and building robots

  • Hospital tools and surgery tables

  • Farm machines and airplanes

  • Adjustable furniture and room controls

Linear actuators matter because they let robots do jobs that need straight, careful moves. Robots in factories, hospitals, and farms use linear actuators for exact and steady actions.

Why Different Types of Motors Matter in Robotics

En robot motors you pick decide how a robot moves, how accurate it is, and how reliable it will be. Every type of motor has special benefits for certain robot jobs. Servo motors are best for factory robots because they are precise and flexible. DC motors are used in many service robots because they are simple and cheap. Stepper motors are great for jobs that need the same move over and over. Brushless motors are good for robots that need to last a long time. Linear actuators help robots move in straight lines with high accuracy.

Tipo de motor

Market Share (%)

Key Characteristics and Applications

Application Segment Share (%)

Detalles de la solicitud

Servomotores

~47

High torque control, precision, adaptability; used in articulated industrial robots, collaborative arms

Industrial: ~64

Dominant in automotive and electronics manufacturing; 41% growth in industrial robots usage

Continuous DC Motors

~28

Affordable, simple control; favored in entry-level and mobile robots

Service: ~36

Growing demand in healthcare, logistics, personal assistance; 33% rise in assistive robots

Motores paso a paso

~25

Precise positional accuracy without feedback; used in 3D printers, medical robots, compact systems

Used in precision tasks and micro-assembly; 29% usage in fine-tuned factory operations

Motores de CC sin escobillas

>42 (subset of DC)

High efficiency, reliability, long lifespan

Increasing adoption in various robotic applications

Bar chart showing market share of servo, continuous DC, stepper, and brushless DC motors in robotics

Tip: Picking the right types of motors for each robot gives the best speed, accuracy, and reliability. This choice helps robots do their jobs well and handle new problems.

Choosing the Right Robot Motor

Application Needs

To pick the best motor, you must know what the robot does. Engineers check things like torque, speed, power, duty cycle, and feedback. Every robot needs something different. A robot arm that lifts heavy things needs high torque. A robot that moves fast needs high speed. Robots that repeat moves need to be very precise.

Parámetro

Descripción

Influence on Motor Selection

Continuous Torque

The steady force a motor gives without getting too hot.

Shows how much work the motor can do for a long time.

Peak Torque

The most force a motor gives for a short time.

Helps make sure the motor does not stop when working hard.

Holding Torque

The force to keep something still, like in stepper motors.

Important for robots that must stay in one spot.

Velocidad (RPM)

How fast the motor spins.

Must match how fast the robot needs to move.

Power

The strength the motor gives, based on speed and torque.

Tells how big the motor should be and how much energy it uses.

Duty Cycle (%)

How long the motor works before it needs to cool down.

Helps pick a motor that will not get too hot.

Engineers use tests and computer models to check motors. These tools show if the motor is strong and fast enough. They also check if the motor works well in places with heat or dust.

Efficiency and Power

Motors that use less energy are better for robots. High efficiency means the motor does not waste much energy as heat. This helps robots work longer on one battery charge. For moving robots, good efficiency means they can run longer before charging.

Factor

Explicación

Motor Efficiency

Shows how much energy turns into movement instead of heat.

Efficiency Range

Brushed motors are about 60-70% efficient. Brushless motors can be up to 95%. Bad motors can be under 40%.

Impact on Battery Life

Better efficiency means the battery lasts longer.

System Efficiency Multiplication

The whole robot’s efficiency depends on the motor, gears, and controller together.

Voltage Matching

Using the right voltage helps the motor work better and longer.

Energy Loss Causes

Heat, friction, wind, wires, and how you control the motor can waste energy.

Tip: Efficient motors help robots save power and money. They also make robots work better. Battery systems watch battery health, but motor efficiency is most important for long robot life.

Control and Integration

Robots need good control to be accurate. Feedback devices like encoders and sensors tell the robot where it is and how fast it moves. Closed-loop systems use this information to fix the motor’s moves. This makes robots more precise.

Feedback Mechanism / Device

Descripción

Key Characteristics

Encoders

Digital tools that tell the robot its position. There are optical and magnetic types.

They give high accuracy and can be incremental or absolute.

Position Sensors

Measure where a joint or motor shaft is.

Needed for knowing the robot’s position in closed-loop systems.

Velocity Sensors

Measure how fast something moves.

Help control the motor’s speed exactly.

Force Sensors

Measure how hard something pushes or pulls.

Good for jobs where robots need to feel force.

Engineers also think about where the robot will work. Hot, wet, dusty, or dirty places can hurt motors. Some motors have special covers to protect them. Wires and shields help keep the robot working right if there is interference.

Note: Picking the right motor means looking at all these things. The best motor makes the robot more efficient, accurate, and precise. This helps the robot do its job well anywhere.

Real-World Robot Motors in Action

Real-World Robot Motors in Action

Industrial Robots

Industrial robots need the right motor to work well. Servo motors and stepper motors are used a lot. They help robots control speed, torque, and position very well. Servo motors use closed-loop systems. This lets robots move smoothly and repeat tasks with care. Stepper motors help robots turn to exact spots. This is good for jobs like assembly or welding. DC motors are found in mobile robots in factories. These robots move heavy things at slow speeds and need strong torque. The motor you pick changes how much work a robot can do. It also changes how much energy it uses and how often it needs fixing.

Using efficient motors in factories saves power, keeps robots working longer, and makes better products.

Impact Factor

Effect on Robot Performance

Precision & Accuracy

Fewer errors, better product quality

Power Consumption

Lower energy costs, longer operation

Durabilidad

Less downtime, higher reliability

Consumer and Educational Robots

Consumer and educational robots use motors that are not too expensive. These motors must also be easy to control and last a long time. Stepper motors are used in 3D printers and pick-and-place robots. They are cheap and help robots move to the right spot. Servomotors, especially brushless ones, give more power and are quiet. This makes them good for home robots and learning kits. Mobile robots in this group often use DC motors. These motors are simple to use and easy to fix. The right motor helps these robots clean, teach, or entertain better and need less fixing.

  • Why do these choices matter?

    • Stepper motors help schools and hobbyists save money.

    • Servomotors let service robots do harder jobs.

    • DC motors make mobile robots simple to build and fix.

Medical and Research Robots

Medical and research robots need motors that are very accurate and reliable. Servo motors are used in surgery robots. They help robots move smoothly and with control. Stepper motors are used in labs for jobs that must be repeated the same way. Brushless motors are found in hospital robots that carry supplies. These motors are quiet and work well. Picking the right motor helps medical robots do careful work safely. It also helps research robots collect good data.

In medical robots, picking the right motor can mean the difference between doing a job right or wrong.

Picking the right motor changes how a robot works. The best choice helps the robot use less energy and move more accurately. Engineers know every robot needs a motor that fits its job. You should think about your own robot projects and why picking the right motor is important. New motor technology will make robots even smarter and more efficient in the future.

Making good choices now helps build better robots later.

PREGUNTAS FRECUENTES

Why do different types of motors matter in robotics?

Motors give robots special skills. Engineers pick a motor for the robot’s job. Some motors make robots move fast. Others help robots move with more control or lift heavy things. Picking the right motor helps robots work better and last longer. It also saves energy.

Why is efficiency important for robot motors?

Efficient motors help robots use less energy. This means robots can work longer before charging. Less energy turns into heat, so robots stay cooler. Mobile robots need efficient motors to save battery and money. Efficient motors also break less and need less fixing.

Why do robots need high accuracy and precision?

Robots must do tasks the same way every time. High accuracy stops mistakes from happening. Medical and factory robots need careful moves for safety. Good control lets robots do hard jobs like surgery or building things. This makes robots work better and safer.

Why are servo motors often used in robotic applications?

Servo motors help robots move with care and power. They use feedback to check their moves. This helps robots move to the right spot every time. Servo motors are great for robot arms and medical robots. They make robots work better and more reliably.

Why do engineers select stepper motors for some robots?

Engineers use stepper motors for robots that need exact moves. Stepper motors move in small steps. This is good for 3D printers and CNC machines. They are easy to control and work well at slow speeds. Stepper motors help robots do the same job over and over.

Comparte el post:
80icon copia 10

Póngase en contacto con nuestros ingenieros expertos en motores.

Permítanos ayudarle a realizar su proyecto, desde el concepto hasta la producción en serie, minimizando los riesgos de diseño y producción.

Entradas relacionadas

Deja una respuesta

Tu dirección de correo electrónico no será publicada. Los campos obligatorios están marcados con *

es_ESSpanish

Descarga del catálogo de motores

Descargue y consulte gratuitamente el catálogo completo de la serie

Póngase en contacto con nosotros

Necesita nuestro apoyo, y estamos dispuestos a prestarle ayuda.

Los productos de motor plantean complejidades de comprensión, especificación e integración, sin normas industriales. Ofrecemos nuestra experiencia para mitigar los riesgos de diseño, fabricación y suministro.

Póngase en contacto con nuestro equipo.

Puede cargar fácilmente sus archivos de diseño CAD 2D/3D y nuestro equipo de ingeniería de ventas le proporcionará un presupuesto en 24 horas.